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Bhagavad-Gītā with Śaṅkara's bhāṣya · 2.1
saṃjaya uvāca taṃ tathā kṛpayāviṣṭam aśrupūrṇākulekṣaṇam | viṣīdantam idaṃ vākyam uvāca madhusūdanaḥ
Translation. Sañjaya said:
To him—thus overcome by pity,
his eyes filled with tears and agitated,
desponding—the Slayer of Madhu (Madhusūdana)
spoke these words.
Grammar check: 12 words pass / 0 flagged / 0 beyond the checkerPāṇini-verified
Every word's claimed grammar is re-derived with vidyut-prakriya, software implementing Pāṇini's rules. Flags are shown, never hidden; some are the text taking epic or Vedic liberties the classical rules do not generate.
Word by word
| surface | lemma | grammar |
|---|
| saṃjayaḥ | saṃjaya | pass |
| uvāca | vac | pass |
| tam | tad | pass |
| tathā | tathā | pass |
| kṛpayā | kṛpā | pass |
| āviṣṭam | āviṣṭa | pass |
| aśrupūrṇākulekṣaṇam | aśrupūrṇākulekṣaṇa | pass |
| viṣīdantam | viṣīdat | pass |
| idam | idam | pass |
| vākyam | vākya | pass |
| uvāca | vac | pass |
| madhusūdanaḥ | madhusūdana | pass |
How the commentary settled it
Where the verse alone is ambiguous, the reading follows Śaṅkara's commentary; the deciding lines are quoted below each decision.
The entire form aśrupūrṇākulekṣaṇam is construed as a masculine accusative singular bahuvrīhi modifying tam: Arjuna possesses eyes that are both tear-filled and agitated. This is supported grammatically by agreement and lexically by MW s.vv. aśru (114,3), ākula (127,2), and īkṣaṇa (170,1).→ A single externally possessive bahuvrīhi agreeing with tam.
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on grammar and dictionary evidence.
The instrumental kṛpayā is construed with the passive participle āviṣṭam as the state or force possessing Arjuna: “overcome by pity.” MW s.v. kṛpā, 305,1 gives “pity, tenderness, compassion,” while MW s.v. āviś, 155,3 includes “take possession of” and “fall into.”→ “Overcome by pity,” preserving the participle’s passive/resultative force.
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on grammar and dictionary evidence.
Tam is the head of the accusative description and the person to whom Kṛṣṇa speaks; āviṣṭam, aśrupūrṇākulekṣaṇam, and viṣīdantam all agree with it. Idam vākyam is the separate neuter accusative speech-content object. English therefore uses “spoke these words to him.”→ A personal accusative recipient alongside the accusative speech content.
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on case agreement and syntax.
Viṣīdantam is an active present participle from sad with vi, meaning that Arjuna himself is desponding, not that he causes grief. MW s.v. viṣad, 996,2 distinguishes the simple verb “be dejected, despond” from its causative.→ “Desponding.”
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on morphology and dictionary evidence.
Madhusūdana is understood as the established Kṛṣṇa epithet “slayer of the demon Madhu,” analyzed as Madhoḥ sūdanaḥ. MW s.v. madhusūdana, 780,3 explicitly gives this identification.→ “The Slayer of Madhu (Madhusūdana),” retaining both the epithet and its sense.
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on dictionary evidence.
Idam agrees with vākyam and points forward to Kṛṣṇa’s immediately following speech. MW s.v. idam, 165,2 specifically notes that idam often refers to what follows, and MW s.v. vākya, 936,2 gives “speech, saying, words.”→ Forward-pointing “these words.”
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on syntax and dictionary evidence.
Tathā is taken adverbially as “thus,” referring to Arjuna’s described condition rather than functioning as an assent particle. MW s.v. tathā, 433,3 gives “in that manner, so, thus”; the assent use normally occurs in a reply formula.→ “Thus,” with scope over the description of Arjuna’s condition.
gita []
No commentary text is supplied for this unit; the decision rests on syntax and dictionary evidence.